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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Syringaldehyd</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable infobox float-right" id="Vorlage_Infobox_Chemikalie" style="font-size:90%; margin-top:0; width:350px;" summary="Infobox Chemikalie">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Strukturformel
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe-basis skin-invert-image" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
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<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Allgemeines
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<td style="width:33%;">Name
</td>
<td>Syringaldehyd
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Andere Namen
</td>
<td>
<ul><li>3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyd</li>
<li>4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyd</li>
<li>Syringaaldehyd</li>
<li><a href="FEMA-Nummer" title="FEMA-Nummer">FEMA</a> 4049<sup id="cite_ref-FEMA4049_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEMA4049-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></li></ul>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Summenformel" title="Summenformel">Summenformel</a>
</td>
<td>C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>4</sub>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kurzbeschreibung
</td>
<td>
<p>Blassgelbe Nadeln<sup id="cite_ref-römpp_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-römpp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Externe Identifikatoren/Datenbanken
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding:0;">
<table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" data-expandtext="+" data-collapsetext="−" style="border-top:none; margin:-1px; width:calc(100% + 2px);">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width:33%;"><a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nummer</a>
</td>
<td><span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=134-96-3">134-96-3</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122; border-top:1px solid #FFDEAD; padding:0.2em 0; vertical-align:bottom; width:5%;">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="EG-Nummer" title="EG-Nummer">EG-Nummer</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2">205-167-5
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Chemikalienagentur" title="Europäische Chemikalienagentur">ECHA</a>-InfoCard
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echa.europa.eu/de/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.004.698">100.004.698</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/8655">8655</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.8333.html">8333</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411695" class="extiw external" title="d:Q411695">Q411695</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Eigenschaften
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Molare_Masse" title="Molare Masse">Molare Masse</a>
</td>
<td>182,17 g·<a href="Mol" title="Mol">mol</a><sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Aggregatzustand" title="Aggregatzustand">Aggregatzustand</a>
</td>
<td>
<p>fest
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Schmelzpunkt" title="Schmelzpunkt">Schmelzpunkt</a>
</td>
<td>
<p>113 <a href="Grad_Celsius" title="Grad Celsius">°C</a><sup id="cite_ref-römpp_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-römpp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Siedepunkt" title="Siedepunkt">Siedepunkt</a>
</td>
<td>
<p>192–193 °C (19 <a href="Hektopascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hektopascal">hPa</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-römpp_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-römpp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Dampfdruck" title="Dampfdruck">Dampfdruck</a>
</td>
<td>
<p>2,59·10<sup>−4</sup> Pa (25 °C)<sup id="cite_ref-Almeida_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almeida-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="PKs-Wert" class="mw-redirect" title="PKs-Wert">p<i>K</i><sub>S</sub>-Wert</a>
</td>
<td>
<p>7,0 ± 0,2<sup id="cite_ref-PKS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="L%C3%B6slichkeit" title="Löslichkeit">Löslichkeit</a>
</td>
<td>
<ul><li>nahezu unlöslich in Wasser<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>wenig löslich in <a href="Petrolether" title="Petrolether">Petrolether</a><sup id="cite_ref-römpp_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-römpp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>löslich in <a href="Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a>, <a href="Diethylether" title="Diethylether">Ether</a> und <a href="Eisessig" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisessig">Eisessig</a><sup id="cite_ref-römpp_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-römpp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Sicherheitshinweise
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="width:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><b><a href="Global_harmonisiertes_System_zur_Einstufung_und_Kennzeichnung_von_Chemikalien" title="Global harmonisiertes System zur Einstufung und Kennzeichnung von Chemikalien">GHS-Gefahrstoffkennzeichnung</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
<table class="hintergrundfarbe-neutral" style="text-align:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; display:flex; justify-content:center;">
<tbody><tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Global_harmonisiertes_System_zur_Einstufung_und_Kennzeichnung_von_Chemikalien#Übersicht:_EU-Gefahrensymbole,_UN/GHS-Gefahrenpiktogramme,_UN/ADR-Gefahrensymbole" title="07 – Achtung"></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Achtung</b>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" width="33%" style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed; border-right:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;"><a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze" title="H- und P-Sätze">H- und P-Sätze</a>
</td>
<td style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;">H: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: H-Sätze"></span><a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#H-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Gesundheitsschädlich bei Verschlucken.">302</span></span></a>‐<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#H-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Verursacht Hautreizungen.">315</span></span></a>‐<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#H-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Verursacht schwere Augenreizung.">319</span></span></a>‐<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#H-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Kann die Atemwege reizen.">335</span></span></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;">P: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: P-Sätze"></span><a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Einatmen von Staub / Rauch / Gas / Nebel / Dampf / Aerosol vermeiden.">261</span></span></a>‐<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Bei Kontakt mit den Augen: Einige Minuten lang behutsam mit Wasser spülen. Eventuell vorhandene Kontaktlinsen nach Möglichkeit entfernen. Weiter spülen.
(Geänderter Text seit Inkraftreten der „8. Anpassung an den Technischen Fortschritt“ am 1. Februar 2018)">305+351+338</span></span></a><sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122; font-size:80%; text-align:center; line-height:150%; padding:.25em;">Wenn nicht anders vermerkt, gelten die angegebenen Daten bei <a href="Standardbedingungen" title="Standardbedingungen">Standardbedingungen</a> (0 °C, 1000 hPa).
</td></tr></tbody></table><p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p><p><b>Syringaldehyd</b>, seltener auch <b>Syringaaldehyd</b><sup id="cite_ref-römpp_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-römpp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyd</i>, <a href="FEMA-Nummer" title="FEMA-Nummer">FEMA</a> 4049<sup id="cite_ref-FEMA4049_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FEMA4049-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>) ist eine <a href="Organische_Verbindung" class="mw-redirect" title="Organische Verbindung">organisch-chemische Verbindung</a> mit der Summenformel C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. Es ist ein <a href="Derivat_(Chemie)" title="Derivat (Chemie)">Derivat</a> des <a href="Benzaldehyd" title="Benzaldehyd">Benzaldehyds</a> mit einer zusätzlichen <a href="Hydroxygruppe" title="Hydroxygruppe">Hydroxy-</a> und zwei <a href="Methoxygruppe" title="Methoxygruppe">Methoxygruppen</a> als <a href="Substituent" title="Substituent">Substituenten</a>. Der Name des Aldehyds stammt von der lateinischen Bezeichnung des <a href="Flieder" title="Flieder">Flieders</a> (<i>Syringa</i>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte_und_Vorkommen">Geschichte und Vorkommen</h2></div>
<p>Der Aldehyd wurde erstmals 1889 aus dem im Flieder <i><a href="Syringa_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Syringa vulgaris">Syringa vulgaris</a></i> vorkommenden <a href="Glucosid" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucosid">Glucosid</a> <a href="Syringin" title="Syringin">Syringin</a> durch <a href="Oxidation" title="Oxidation">Oxidation</a> und <a href="Hydrolyse" title="Hydrolyse">Hydrolyse</a> gewonnen.<sup id="cite_ref-römpp_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-römpp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syringaldehyd kommt natürlich auch in <a href="Ananas" title="Ananas">Ananas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> der <a href="Kokospalme" title="Kokospalme">Kokospalme</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dr.Dukes_62482_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr.Dukes_62482-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Echter_Koriander" title="Echter Koriander">Echtem Koriander</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dr.Dukes_62482_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr.Dukes_62482-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Echte_Walnuss" title="Echte Walnuss">Walnüssen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dr.Dukes_62482_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr.Dukes_62482-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Tomate" title="Tomate">Tomaten</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dr.Dukes_62482_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr.Dukes_62482-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Mais" title="Mais">Mais</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dr.Dukes_62482_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr.Dukes_62482-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Roteiche" title="Roteiche">Roteichen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dr.Dukes_62482_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr.Dukes_62482-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="S%C3%A4gepalme" title="Sägepalme">Sägepalmen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dr.Dukes_62482_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr.Dukes_62482-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Gew%C3%BCrzvanille" title="Gewürzvanille">Gewürzvanille</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dr.Dukes_62482_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr.Dukes_62482-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Weinrebe" title="Weinrebe">Weinreben</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dr.Dukes_62482_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr.Dukes_62482-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Bier" title="Bier">Bier</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Weinbrand" title="Weinbrand">Weinbrand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a>, vielen verschiedenen Whisky-Sorten,<sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gerösteter Gerste<sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und Hartholzrauch<sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vor.
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Gemeiner Flieder</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Strukturformel von Syringin<br>(β-<small>D</small>-Glucosid des <a href="Sinapylalkohol" title="Sinapylalkohol">Sinapylalkohols</a>)</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gewinnung_und_Darstellung">Gewinnung und Darstellung</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natürliche_Quellen"><span id="Nat.C3.BCrliche_Quellen"></span>Natürliche Quellen</h3></div>
<p>Syringaldehyd entsteht – oft neben erheblichen Mengen <a href="Vanillin" title="Vanillin">Vanillin</a> – beim oxidativen Abbau von <a href="Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, allerdings mit stark schwankenden Ausbeuten, die entscheidend von der verwendeten Biomasse und den Reaktionsbedingungen abhängen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemische_Synthesen">Chemische Synthesen</h3></div>
<p>Auf chemischem Wege kann Syringaldehyd durch Reaktion von Vanillin mit <a href="Iod" title="Iod">Iod</a> zum <a href="5-Iodvanillin" title="5-Iodvanillin">5-Iodvanillin</a> und <a href="Nucleophile_Substitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleophile Substitution">nucleophiler Substitution</a> des Iods durch eine <a href="Methoxygruppe" title="Methoxygruppe">Methoxygruppe</a> in Gegenwart eines <a href="Kupfer" title="Kupfer">Kupfer</a>-Katalysators dargestellt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wesentlich wirtschaftlicher ist der Weg über <a href="5-Bromvanillin" title="5-Bromvanillin">5-Bromvanillin</a>, das aus Vanillin entweder durch vollständige <a href="Bromierung" title="Bromierung">Bromierung</a> in Gegenwart eines <a href="Succinimid" title="Succinimid">Imids</a> in zweiphasigem wässrig organischem Lösungsmittelgemisch und Rückoxidation von <a href="Bromwasserstoff" title="Bromwasserstoff">HBr</a> mit <a href="Chlor" title="Chlor">Chlor</a><sup id="cite_ref-EP155335_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EP155335-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder homogen in 95%iger Ausbeute<sup id="cite_ref-Percy_S_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Percy_S-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a> erhältlich ist. <a href="Brom" title="Brom">Brom</a>-Methanol-Gemische sind allerdings selbst reaktiv.<sup id="cite_ref-Br2-MeOH_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Br2-MeOH-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Der Austausch des Bromatoms gegen eine Methoxygruppe gelingt durch <a href="Elektronentransferkatalyse" title="Elektronentransferkatalyse">Elektronentransferkatalyse</a> durch Kupfersalze unter vergleichsweise milden Reaktionsbedingungen (3 Stunden bei 125 °C) in Methanol/Natriummethanolat im Autoklaven unter Katalyse mit einem System aus <a href="Basisches_Kupfercarbonat" title="Basisches Kupfercarbonat">basischem Kupfercarbonat</a> und <a href="Kohlendioxid" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohlendioxid">Kohlendioxid</a> in 99%iger Ausbeute.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder in <a href="Dimethylformamid" title="Dimethylformamid">Dimethylformamid</a> mit <a href="Natriummethanolat" title="Natriummethanolat">Natriummethanolat</a> mit <a href="Kupfer(I)-chlorid" title="Kupfer(I)-chlorid">Kupfer(I)-chlorid</a> in einer Gesamtausbeute von 86 % bezüglich Vanillin.<sup id="cite_ref-Percy_S_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Percy_S-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Einfachere, drucklose Reaktionsführung der <a href="%C3%9Cbergangsmetall" class="mw-redirect" title="Übergangsmetall">Übergangsmetall</a>-induzierten <a href="Nukleophile_Substitution" title="Nukleophile Substitution">nucleophilen Substitution</a> erlaubt erst der Einsatz von Kupfer(I)komplexen in DMF.<sup id="cite_ref-EP155335_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EP155335-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p>Alternativ ist Syringaldehyd durch <a href="Regioselektivit%C3%A4t" title="Regioselektivität">regioselektive</a> <a href="Demethylierung" title="Demethylierung">Demethylierung</a> von <a href="3%2C4%2C5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyd" title="3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyd">3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyd</a> im Sauren mit <a href="Schwefels%C3%A4ure" title="Schwefelsäure">Schwefelsäure</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 96%iger Ausbeute, mit <a href="Aluminiumchlorid" title="Aluminiumchlorid">Aluminiumchlorid</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 95%iger Ausbeute und im Basischen mit wässrigem <a href="Dimethylamin" title="Dimethylamin">Dimethylamin</a> unter Druck in 72%iger Ausbeute<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> zugänglich.
</p>
<p>Ebenfalls möglich ist die Synthese durch die <a href="Duff-Reaktion" title="Duff-Reaktion">Duff-Reaktion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p>Ausgehend von dem industriell verfügbaren <a href="Kresole" title="Kresole"><i>p</i>-Kresol</a> wird Syringaldehyd in einer dreistufigen Synthese über 2,6-Dibrom-4-methylphenol (96,5 % Ausbeute), 2,6-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenol (84 %) und Oxidation der Methylgruppe (91 %) in einer Gesamtausbeute von 63 bis 67 % erhalten.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physikalische_Eigenschaften">Physikalische Eigenschaften</h3></div>
<p>Syringaldehyd ist ein in blassgelben Nadeln kristallisierender<sup id="cite_ref-römpp_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-römpp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feststoff, der nahezu unlöslich in Wasser ist<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sich aber in <a href="Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a>, <a href="Diethylether" title="Diethylether">Diethylether</a> und <a href="Eisessig" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisessig">Eisessig</a> löst.<sup id="cite_ref-römpp_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-römpp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es schmilzt bei 110–113 °C<sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und siedet bei 192–193 °C bei <a href="Unterdruck" title="Unterdruck">Unterdruck</a> (19 <a href="Hektopascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hektopascal">hPa</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-römpp_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-römpp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemische_Eigenschaften">Chemische Eigenschaften</h3></div>
<p>Die Substanz leitet sich strukturell sowohl vom <a href="Benzaldehyd" title="Benzaldehyd">Benzaldehyd</a> als auch vom <a href="Syringol" title="Syringol">Syringol</a> (<i>2,6-Dimethoxyphenol</i>) ab. Infolge seines bifunktionalen Charakters ist Syringaldehyd sehr reaktionsfreudig. Durch <a href="Veretherung" class="mw-redirect" title="Veretherung">Veretherung</a>, <a href="Veresterung" title="Veresterung">Veresterung</a> oder <a href="Aldolkondensation" title="Aldolkondensation">Aldolkondensation</a> sind sehr viele Derivate synthetisierbar.
</p><p>Der <a href="PKs-Wert" class="mw-redirect" title="PKs-Wert">pK<sub>s</sub>-Wert</a> der phenolischen OH-Gruppe des Syringaldehyds beträgt 7,0 ± 0,2.<sup id="cite_ref-PKS_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dieser Wert ist gegenüber dem Syringol mit 9,98<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deutlich niedriger. Die elektronenziehende Aldehydgruppe erhöht durch ihren <a href="%E2%88%92M-Effekt" class="mw-redirect" title="−M-Effekt">−M-Effekt</a> die <a href="OH-Acidit%C3%A4t" title="OH-Acidität">OH-Acidität</a>; die phenolische OH-Bindung wird zunehmend polarisiert. Ähnlich verhält es sich im Vergleich von <a href="4-Hydroxybenzaldehyd" title="4-Hydroxybenzaldehyd">4-Hydroxybenzaldehyd</a> mit einem pK<sub>s</sub>-Wert von 7,66<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> zu <a href="Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenol</a> mit 9,99<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, sowie von <a href="Vanillin" title="Vanillin">Vanillin</a> mit einem pK<sub>s</sub>-Wert von 7,40<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> zu <a href="Guajacol" title="Guajacol">Guajacol</a> (<i>2-Methoxyphenol</i>) mit 9,98.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strukturelle_und_namentliche_Verwandte">Strukturelle und namentliche Verwandte</h2></div>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%">
<tbody><tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Syringol" title="Syringol">Syringol</a></td>
<td><a href="Syringaalkohol" title="Syringaalkohol">Syringaalkohol</a></td>
<td>Syringaldehyd</td>
<td><a href="Syringas%C3%A4ure" title="Syringasäure">Syringasäure</a></td>
<td><a href="Acetosyringon" title="Acetosyringon">Acetosyringon</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwendung">Verwendung</h2></div>
<p>Der Aldehyd wird als Zwischenprodukt in chemischen Synthesen und als <a href="Duftstoff" title="Duftstoff">Duftstoff</a> in der Parfümerie eingesetzt.<sup id="cite_ref-römpp_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-römpp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Syringaldehyd findet wegen seiner vielfältigen Bioaktivitäten ebenso wie wegen seiner Brauchbarkeit als Molekülbaustein für diverse Wirkstoffsynthesen zunehmendes Interesse.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Als natürliches <a href="Antioxidans" title="Antioxidans">Antioxidans</a> hemmt Syringaldehyd wirksam die Oxidation von ungesättigten Ölen und Lecithinen.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Syringaldehyd wirkt zudem hemmend auf das Wachstum der <a href="Xylit" title="Xylit">Xylit</a>-produzierenden Hefe Candida guilliermondii.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die bisher bestimmten antimikrobiellen und enzymhemmenden Wirksamkeiten von Syringaldehyd sind gegenüber Standardvergleichssubstanzen relativ schwach.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Da Syringaldehyd auch bei der <a href="Pyrolyse" title="Pyrolyse">Pyrolyse</a> von Lignin, z. B. beim Verbrennen von <a href="Hartholz" title="Hartholz">Hartholz</a> entsteht, kann Syringaldehyd als molekularer <a href="Biomarker" title="Biomarker">Marker</a> für Rauchemissionen in die Atmosphäre verwendet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Syringaldehyd ist ein Ausgangsstoff für <a href="3%2C4%2C5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyd" title="3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyd">3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyd</a><sup id="cite_ref-EP155335_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EP155335-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, einer Schlüsselverbindung zur Synthese des <a href="Antibiotikum" title="Antibiotikum">Antibiotikums</a> <a href="Trimethoprim" title="Trimethoprim">Trimethoprim</a>. Nach einer neueren Vorschrift<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wird die Zielverbindung aus <i>p</i>-Kresol über das <a href="Natriumsalz" class="mw-redirect" title="Natriumsalz">Natriumsalz</a> des Syringaldehyds in einer Gesamtausbeute von 67,4 % erhalten.
</p><p>Die <a href="Knoevenagel-Reaktion" title="Knoevenagel-Reaktion">Knoevenagel-Reaktion</a> von Syringaldehyd mit Bis(2-ethylhexyl)malonat (durch Umesterung von <a href="Malons%C3%A4urediethylester" title="Malonsäurediethylester">Malonsäurediethylester</a> mit <a href="2-Ethylhexanol" title="2-Ethylhexanol">2-Ethylhexanol</a>) in Gegenwart von <a href="Piperidin" title="Piperidin">Piperidin</a>-<a href="Essigs%C3%A4ure" title="Essigsäure">Essigsäure</a> liefert in 91%iger Ausbeute Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzylidenmalonat (DESM, Oxynex ST).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<p>Es wird als Photostabilisator und Antioxidans in kosmetischen Zubereitungen verwendet, insbesondere zur Stabilisierung von UV-Filtern, wie z. B. <a href="Avobenzon" title="Avobenzon">Avobenzon</a> in <a href="Sonnenschutzmittel" title="Sonnenschutzmittel">Sonnenschutzmitteln</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die katalytische <a href="Hydrierung" title="Hydrierung">Hydrierung</a> der Benzylidenfunktion führt zu Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzylmalonat (HDBM, Ronacare AP)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, das die durch UV-, VIS- und Nahinfrarot-Licht ausgelöste Bildung <a href="Reaktive_Sauerstoffspezies" title="Reaktive Sauerstoffspezies">reaktiver Sauerstoffradikale</a> (ROS) wirksam unterdrückt und daher Anwendung in Kosmetika mit Lichtschutzfunktion findet.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Syringaldehyde?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Syringaldehyd</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FEMA4049-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FEMA4049_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FEMA4049_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.femaflavor.org/flavor-library/search?fulltext=4049"><i>FEMA 4049</i></a> in der Datenbank der <i><a href="Flavor_and_Extract_Manufacturers_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association of the United States">Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association of the United States</a></i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-römpp-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-römpp_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-römpp_2-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-römpp_2-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-römpp_2-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-römpp_2-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-römpp_2-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-römpp_2-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-römpp_2-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-römpp_2-8">i</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-römpp_2-9">j</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-römpp_2-10">k</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roempp.thieme.de/lexicon/RD-19-05234"><i>Syringaaldehyd</i></a>. In: <i><a href="R%C3%B6mpp_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Römpp Online">Römpp Online</a>.</i> Georg Thieme Verlag, abgerufen am 14. März 2017.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Almeida-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Almeida_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ana R.R.P. Almeida; Bruno D.A. Pinheiro; Ana I.M.C. Lobo Ferreira; Manuel J.S. Monte: <i>Study on the volatility of four benzaldehydes</i> in <a href="Thermochim._Acta" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermochim. Acta">Thermochim. Acta</a> 717 (2022) 179357, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2022.179357">10.1016/j.tca.2022.179357</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PKS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PKS_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PKS_4-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Feng Xu: <i>Effects of Redox Potential and Hydroxide Inhibition on the pH Activity Profile of Fungal Laccases</i>, <a href="Journal_of_Biological_Chemistry" title="Journal of Biological Chemistry">Journal of Biological Chemistry</a>, Vol. 272, No. 2, S. 924–928 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/content/272/2/924.full.pdf">PDF</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Merck-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Merck_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Merck_5-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Datenblatt <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merckmillipore.com/DE/de/product/msds/MDA_CHEM-818353?Origin=PDP">3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyd</a></span> bei <a href="Merck_KGaA" title="Merck KGaA">Merck</a>, abgerufen am 29. Januar 2012.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sigma-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_6-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_6-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_6-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_6-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_6-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_6-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_6-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_6-8">i</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_6-9">j</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_6-10">k</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Datenblatt <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/ALDRICH/W404926">Syringaldehyde, ≥ 98 %</a></span> bei <a href="Sigma-Aldrich" title="Sigma-Aldrich">Sigma-Aldrich</a>, abgerufen am 14. März 2017 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/DE/de/sds/ALDRICH/W404926?userType=anonymous">PDF</a>).<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Dr.Dukes_62482-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dr.Dukes_62482_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dr.Dukes_62482_7-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dr.Dukes_62482_7-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dr.Dukes_62482_7-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dr.Dukes_62482_7-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dr.Dukes_62482_7-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dr.Dukes_62482_7-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dr.Dukes_62482_7-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dr.Dukes_62482_7-8">i</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/chemicals/show/62482">SYRINGALDEHYDE</a></span> (englisch). In: <i>Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Database</i>, Hrsg. <a href="Landwirtschaftsministerium_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Landwirtschaftsministerium der Vereinigten Staaten">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a>, abgerufen am 4. Januar 2024.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Sun, J. Tomkinson, F.C. Mao, X.F. Sun: <cite style="font-style:italic">Physicochemical characterization of lignins from rice straw by hydrogen peroxide treatment</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="J._Appl._Polym._Sci." class="mw-redirect" title="J. Appl. Polym. Sci.">J. Appl. Polym. Sci.</a></cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>79</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 2001, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>719–732</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4628%2820010124%2979%3A4%3C719%3A%3AAID-APP170%3E3.0.CO%3B2-3">10.1002/1097-4628(20010124)79:4<719::AID-APP170>3.0.CO;2-3</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syringaldehyd&rft.atitle=Physicochemical+characterization+of+lignins+from+rice+straw+by+hydrogen+peroxide+treatment&rft.au=R.+Sun%2C+J.+Tomkinson%2C+F.C.+Mao%2C+...&rft.date=2001&rft.doi=10.1002%2F1097-4628%2820010124%2979%3A4%3C719%3A%3AAID-APP170%3E3.0.CO%3B2-3&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=J.+Appl.+Polym.+Sci.&rft.pages=719-732&rft.volume=79" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Zhang, H. Deng, L. Lin: <cite style="font-style:italic">Wet Aerobic Oxidation of Lignin into Aromatic Aldehydes Catalysed by a Perovskite-type Oxide: LaFe<sub>1-x</sub>Cu<sub>x</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (x=0, 0.1, 0.2)</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Molecules" title="Molecules">Molecules</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>14</span>, 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2747–2757</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14082747">10.3390/molecules14082747</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syringaldehyd&rft.atitle=Wet+Aerobic+Oxidation+of+Lignin+into+Aromatic+Aldehydes+Catalysed+by+a+Perovskite-type+Oxide%3A+LaFe1-xCuxO3+%28x%3D0%2C+0.1%2C+0.2%29&rft.au=J.+Zhang%2C+H.+Deng%2C+L.+Lin&rft.btitle=Molecules&rft.date=2009&rft.doi=10.3390%2Fmolecules14082747&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=2747-2757&rft.volume=14" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P.C. Rodrigues Pinto, E.A. Borges da Silva, A.E. Rodrigues: <cite style="font-style:italic">Insights into Oxidative Conversion of Lignin to High-Added-Value Phenolic Aldehydes</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Ind._Eng._Chem._Res." class="mw-redirect" title="Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.">Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.</a></cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>50</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 2010, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>741–748</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ie102132">10.1021/ie102132</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syringaldehyd&rft.atitle=Insights+into+Oxidative+Conversion+of+Lignin+to+High-Added-Value+Phenolic+Aldehydes&rft.au=P.C.+Rodrigues+Pinto%2C+E.A.+Borges+da+Silva%2C+A.E.+Rodrigues&rft.date=2010&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fie102132&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Ind.+Eng.+Chem.+Res.&rft.pages=741-748&rft.volume=50" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J.M. Pepper, J.A. MacDonald: <cite style="font-style:italic">The synthesis of syringaldehyde from vanillin</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Can._J._Chem." class="mw-redirect" title="Can. J. Chem.">Can. J. Chem.</a></cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>31</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 1953, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>476–483</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139/v53-064">10.1139/v53-064</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syringaldehyd&rft.atitle=The+synthesis+of+syringaldehyde+from+vanillin&rft.au=J.M.+Pepper%2C+J.A.+MacDonald&rft.date=1953&rft.doi=10.1139%2Fv53-064&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Can.+J.+Chem.&rft.pages=476-483&rft.volume=31" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EP155335-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EP155335_12-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EP155335_12-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EP155335_12-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">EP 155 335 (1985) Ahrens K.-H. Liebenow W., Grafe I. (Ludwig Heuman & Co GmbH); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=EP&NR=0155335A1&KC=A1&FT=D&ND=3&date=19850925&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP#">Verfahren zur Herstellung von 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-alkoxybenzaldehyden</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Percy_S-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Percy_S_13-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Percy_S_13-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Percy S. Manchand, Peter S. Belica, Harry S. Wong: <i>Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde</i>, in: <i><a href="Synth._Commun." class="mw-redirect" title="Synth. Commun.">Synth. Commun.</a></i>, 1990, <i>20</i> (17), S. 2659–2666 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00397919008051474" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1080/00397919008051474">doi:10.1080/00397919008051474</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Br2-MeOH-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Br2-MeOH_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul T. Bowman, Edmond I. Ko, and Paul J. Sides: <i>A Potential Hazard in Preparing Bromine-Methanol Solutions </i>, in: <i><a href="Journal_of_the_Electrochemical_Society" title="Journal of the Electrochemical Society">Journal of the Electrochemical Society</a></i>, 1990, <i>137</i>, S. 1309–1311 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
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</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422101343/http://snf.stanford.edu/pipermail/specmat/attachments/20090213/ebb87b7a/attachment.obj">Archivierte Kopie</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 22. April 2017 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Nobel: <cite style="font-style:italic">The copper-carbon dioxide system, a new mild and selective catalyst for the methoxylation of non-activated aromatic bromides</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="J._Chem._Soc.%2C_Chem._Commun." class="mw-redirect" title="J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.">J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.</a></cite> 1993, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>419–420</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C39930000419">10.1039/C39930000419</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syringaldehyd&rft.atitle=The+copper-carbon+dioxide+system%2C+a+new+mild+and+selective+catalyst+for+the+methoxylation+of+non-activated+aromatic+bromides&rft.au=D.+Nobel&rft.btitle=J.+Chem.+Soc.%2C+Chem.+Commun.&rft.date=1993&rft.doi=10.1039%2FC39930000419&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=419-420" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">I.A. Pearl, D.L. Beyer: <cite style="font-style:italic">Reactions of Vanillin and its Derived Compounds. XVII. A Synthesis of Syringaldehyde from Vanillin</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="J._Am._Chem._Soc." class="mw-redirect" title="J. Am. Chem. Soc.">J. Am. Chem. Soc.</a></cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>74</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>17</span>, 1952, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4262–4263</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01137a006">10.1021/ja01137a006</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syringaldehyd&rft.atitle=Reactions+of+Vanillin+and+its+Derived+Compounds.+XVII.+A+Synthesis+of+Syringaldehyde+from+Vanillin&rft.au=I.A.+Pearl%2C+D.L.+Beyer&rft.date=1952&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fja01137a006&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=17&rft.jtitle=J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc.&rft.pages=4262-4263&rft.volume=74" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Madhavi, Design, synthesis, biochemical and biological evaluation of benzocyclic and enediyne analogs of combretastatins as potential tubulin binding ligands in the treatment of cancer, Ph.D. Thesis, Baylor University, 2007, S. 102 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111522/http://gradworks.umi.com/32/84/3284179.html">Abstract</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 4. März 2016 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Patent <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?locale=de_EP&CC=US&NR=20110245544A1&FT=D&KC=A1">US20110245544A1</a>: <i>Process for preparing hydroxy-substituted aromatic aldehydes.</i> Angemeldet am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1. April 2011</span>, veröffentlicht am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">6. Oktober 2011</span>, Anmelder: BASF SE, Erfinder: K. Ebel, S. Rüdenauer.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft_id=US20110245544A1&rft.applcc=US&rft.title=Process+for+preparing+hydroxy-substituted+aromatic+aldehydes&rft.inventor=K.+Ebel%2C+S.+R%C3%BCdenauer&rft.assignee=BASF+SE&rft.appldate=2011-4-1&rft.pubdate=2011-10-6"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. F. H. Allen, Gerhard W. Leubner: <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orgsyn.org/demo.aspx?prep=CV4P0866">Syringic Aldehyde</a></span> In: <i><a href="Organic_Syntheses" title="Organic Syntheses">Organic Syntheses</a></i>. 31, 1951, S. 92, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15227/orgsyn.031.0092">10.15227/orgsyn.031.0092</a></span>; Coll. Vol. 4, 1963, S. 866 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orgsyn.org/Content/pdfs/procedures/CV4P0866.pdf">PDF</a>).<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A.K. Tripathi, J.K. Sama, S.C. Taneja: <cite style="font-style:italic">An expeditious synthesis of syringaldehyde from p-cresol</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Indian_J._Chem." class="mw-redirect" title="Indian J. Chem.">Indian J. Chem.</a></cite> 49B, 2010, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>379–381</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/7537/1/IJCB%2049B%283%29%20379-381.pdf">PDF</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syringaldehyd&rft.atitle=An+expeditious+synthesis+of+syringaldehyde+from+p-cresol&rft.au=A.K.+Tripathi%2C+J.K.+Sama%2C+S.C.+Taneja&rft.btitle=Indian+J.+Chem.&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=379-381&rft.volume=49B" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ragnar, M.; Lindgren, C. T., Nilvebrant N.-O.: <i>pK<sub>a</sub>-values of Guaiacyl and Syringyl Phenols Related to Lignin</i>, J. Wood Chem. Technol. 2000, 20(3), S. 277–305 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02773810009349637" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1080/02773810009349637">doi:10.1080/02773810009349637</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipst.gatech.edu/faculty/ragauskas_art/technical_reviews/pKa%20lignin.pdf">Auszug</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CRC-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_22-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_22-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_22-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_22-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="CRC_Handbook_of_Tables_for_Organic_Compound_Identification" title="CRC Handbook of Tables for Organic Compound Identification">CRC Handbook of Tables for Organic Compound Identification</a></i>, Third Edition, 1984, ISBN 0-8493-0303-6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ibrahim-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim_23-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim_23-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">M.N.M. Ibrahim, R.B. Sriprasanthi, S. Shamsudeen, F. Adam, S.A. Bhawani: <cite style="font-style:italic">A concise review of the natural existence, synthesis, properties, and applications of syringaldehyde</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Bioresources</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 2012, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4377–4399</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/BioRes_07_3_Ibrahim_SSAB_Review_Synthesis_Properties_Applications_Syringaldehyde">Abstract</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syringaldehyd&rft.atitle=A+concise+review+of+the+natural+existence%2C+synthesis%2C+properties%2C+and+applications+of+syringaldehyde&rft.au=M.N.M.+Ibrahim%2C+R.B.+Sriprasanthi%2C+S.+Shamsudeen%2C+...&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Bioresources&rft.pages=4377-4399&rft.volume=7" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O.G. Boundagiou, S.A. Ordoudi, M.Z. Tsimidou: <cite style="font-style:italic">Structure–antioxidant activity relationship study of natural hydroxybenzaldehydes using in vitro assays</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Food Res. Int.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>43</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, 2010, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2014–2019</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.05.021">10.1016/j.foodres.2010.05.021</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syringaldehyd&rft.atitle=Structure-antioxidant+activity+relationship+study+of+natural+hydroxybenzaldehydes+using+in+vitro+assays&rft.au=O.G.+Boundagiou%2C+S.A.+Ordoudi%2C+M.Z.+Tsimidou&rft.date=2010&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.foodres.2010.05.021&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Food+Res.+Int.&rft.pages=2014-2019&rft.volume=43" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Kelly, O. Jones, C. Barnhart, C. Lajoie: <cite style="font-style:italic">Effect of furfural, vanillin and syringaldehyde on Candida guilliermondii growth and xylitol biosynthesis</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>148</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1–3</span>, 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>97–108</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-007-8103-1">10.1007/s12010-007-8103-1</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syringaldehyd&rft.atitle=Effect+of+furfural%2C+vanillin+and+syringaldehyde+on+Candida+guilliermondii+growth+and+xylitol+biosynthesis&rft.au=C.+Kelly%2C+O.+Jones%2C+C.+Barnhart%2C+...&rft.date=2008&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs12010-007-8103-1&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1-3&rft.jtitle=Appl.+Biochem.+Biotechnol.&rft.pages=97-108&rft.volume=148" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A.L. Robinson, R. Subramanian, N.M. Donahue, A. Bernardo-Bricker, W.F. Rogge: <cite style="font-style:italic">Source Apportionment of Molecular Markers and Organic Aerosol. 2. Biomass Smoke</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Environ._Sci._Technol." class="mw-redirect" title="Environ. Sci. Technol.">Environ. Sci. Technol.</a></cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>40</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>24</span>, 2006, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7811–7819</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/es060782h">10.1021/es060782h</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syringaldehyd&rft.atitle=Source+Apportionment+of+Molecular+Markers+and+Organic+Aerosol.+2.+Biomass+Smoke&rft.au=A.L.+Robinson%2C+R.+Subramanian%2C+N.M.+Donahue%2C+...&rft.date=2006&rft.doi=10.1021%2Fes060782h&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=24&rft.jtitle=Environ.+Sci.+Technol.&rft.pages=7811-7819&rft.volume=40" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M.A. Bari, G. Baumbach, B. Kuch, G. Scheffknecht: <cite style="font-style:italic">Air Pollution in Residential Areas from Wood-fired Heating</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Aerosol Air Qual. Res.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11</span>, 2011, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>749–757</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2010.09.0079">10.4209/aaqr.2010.09.0079</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syringaldehyd&rft.atitle=Air+Pollution+in+Residential+Areas+from+Wood-fired+Heating&rft.au=M.A.+Bari%2C+G.+Baumbach%2C+B.+Kuch%2C+...&rft.btitle=Aerosol+Air+Qual.+Res.&rft.date=2011&rft.doi=10.4209%2Faaqr.2010.09.0079&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=749-757&rft.volume=11" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Y.-F. Ji, Z.-M. Zong, X.-Y. Wei: <cite style="font-style:italic">Efficient and convenient synthesis of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde from p-cresol</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Synth._Commun." class="mw-redirect" title="Synth. Commun.">Synth. Commun.</a></cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>32</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>18</span>, 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2809–2814</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1081/SCC-120006464">10.1081/SCC-120006464</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/345tmb.p-cresol.html">erowid.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syringaldehyd&rft.atitle=Efficient+and+convenient+synthesis+of+3%2C4%2C5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde+from+p-cresol&rft.au=Y.-F.+Ji%2C+Z.-M.+Zong%2C+X.-Y.+Wei&rft.date=2002&rft.doi=10.1081%2FSCC-120006464&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=18&rft.jtitle=Synth.+Commun.&rft.pages=2809-2814&rft.volume=32" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Patent <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?locale=de_EP&CC=US&NR=6602515B1&FT=D&KC=B1">US6602515B1</a>: <i>Photo stable organic sunscreen compounds with antioxidant properties and compositions obtained therefrom.</i> Angemeldet am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">16. Juli 2001</span>, veröffentlicht am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">5. August 2003</span>, Anmelder: EM Industries, Erfinder: R.T. Chaudhuri.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft_id=US6602515B1&rft.applcc=US&rft.title=Photo+stable+organic+sunscreen+compounds+with+antioxidant+properties+and+compositions+obtained+therefrom&rft.inventor=R.T.+Chaudhuri&rft.assignee=EM+Industries&rft.appldate=2001-7-16&rft.pubdate=2003-8-5"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.K. Chaudhuri, Z. Lascu, G. Puccetti, A.A. Deshpande, S.K. Paknikar: <cite style="font-style:italic">Design of a photostabilizer having built-in antioxidant functionality and its utility in obtaining broad-spectrum sunscreen formulations</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Photochem. Photobiol.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>82</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 2006, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>823–828</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1562/2005-07-15-RA-612">10.1562/2005-07-15-RA-612</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syringaldehyd&rft.atitle=Design+of+a+photostabilizer+having+built-in+antioxidant+functionality+and+its+utility+in+obtaining+broad-spectrum+sunscreen+formulations&rft.au=R.K.+Chaudhuri%2C+Z.+Lascu%2C+G.+Puccetti%2C+...&rft.date=2006&rft.doi=10.1562%2F2005-07-15-RA-612&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Photochem.+Photobiol.&rft.pages=823-828&rft.volume=82" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Patent <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?locale=de_EP&CC=US&NR=8106233B2&FT=D&KC=B2">US8106233B2</a>: <i>Antioxidant Compounds.</i> Angemeldet am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">21. März 2006</span>, veröffentlicht am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">31. Januar 2012</span>, Anmelder: Merck Patent GmbH, Erfinder: T. Rudolph, H. Buchholz.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft_id=US8106233B2&rft.applcc=US&rft.title=Antioxidant+Compounds&rft.inventor=T.+Rudolph%2C+H.+Buchholz&rft.assignee=Merck+Patent+GmbH&rft.appldate=2006-3-21&rft.pubdate=2012-1-31"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Rudolph, S. Eisenberg, J. Grumelard, B. Herzog: <cite style="font-style:italic">State-of-the-art Light Protection against Reactive Oxygen Species</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">SOFW-Journal</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>140</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 2014, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9–14</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shopsofw.com/SOFW-Journal-Englisch/SOFW-Journal-Englisch-3-2014.html">shopsofw.com</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syringaldehyd&rft.atitle=State-of-the-art+Light+Protection+against+Reactive+Oxygen+Species&rft.au=T.+Rudolph%2C+S.+Eisenberg%2C+J.+Grumelard%2C+...&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=SOFW-Journal&rft.pages=9-14&rft.volume=140" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
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